Prostitution in Indonesia: Difference between revisions
(Created page with "{{Header|Prostitution in Indonesia 05/25}} {{Sex and the law}} '''Prostitution in Indonesia''' is legally considered a "crime against decency/morality", although it is widely practiced, tolerated and even regulated in some areas. Some women are financially motivated to become prostitutes, while friends, relatives, or strangers may force others. Traditionally, they have met with customers in entertainment venues or special prostitution complexes, or lokalisasi (localizati...") |
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Latest revision as of 04:34, 24 May 2025
Prostitution in Indonesia is legally considered a "crime against decency/morality", although it is widely practiced, tolerated and even regulated in some areas. Some women are financially motivated to become prostitutes, while friends, relatives, or strangers may force others. Traditionally, they have met with customers in entertainment venues or special prostitution complexes, or lokalisasi (localization). However, recently, internet forums and Facebook have been used to facilitate prostitute-client relations. In recent years, child sex tourism has become an issue at the resort islands of Batam and Bali.
Female sex tourism also emerged in the late 20th century in Bali, where young Balinese male sex workers meet Japanese, European, and Australian women. UNAIDS estimates that there are 226,791 prostitutes in the country.
Causes
In Indonesia, one of the main reasons for a prostitute to enter the business is the appeal of earning money quickly. The Jakarta Post reported that high-end prostitutes in Jakarta could earn Rp 15 million–Rp 30 million (USD 1,755 to 3,510) monthly and are able to charge more than Rp 3 million (USD 350) per session for their services. Those entering prostitution for money come from both middle-class and poor families.
Another major cause is forced prostitution. Young women are offered employment opportunities in major cities, then raped and forced to prostitute themselves while paying money to their pimps. Their parents may also sell them. The International Labour Organization (ILO) reports that roughly 70 percent of Indonesian child prostitutes are brought into the trade by their family or friends.
Forms
Prostitution exists in many forms and is practiced by many different sexes, genders, orientations, and ages. Bali, for example, is known for its "Kuta Cowboys", male sex workers who solicit foreign tourists.
Prostitution includes various sexual orientations. The most common form is heterosexual female prostitution, although male homosexual and transvestite prostitution also occur to a lesser degree. Child prostitution is present in certain tourist resort islands, such as Batam and Bali. It is estimated that between 40,000 and 70,000 Indonesian children engage in prostitution within the country.
Prostitutes sometimes work in brothels, some with over 200 prostitutes. The last large red-light district containing many brothels was Gang Dolly in Surabaya, one of the largest in Southeast Asia, which closed in 2014. Prostitutes can be found in discotheques, massage parlours, and karaoke rooms, and are also visible on certain streets. They can also be booked via telephone.
Online prostitution is also prevalent. In Internet forums, prostitutes and pornography are made available to registered members in good standing, as determined by their activity on the forum. A senior member of the forum posts a "free report" detailing the member's experience with a prostitute; contact information is given upon request via private message. Additionally, prostitution rings on Facebook have been reported.
Legal status
Number of registered prostitutes in Indonesia, from 1984 to 1995 Prostitution is not explicitly addressed in the law. However, many officials interpreted "crimes against decency/morality" to apply to prostitution. Prostitution is widespread and largely tolerated, despite its contradiction with prevalent societal and religious norms. Prostitution is most visibly manifested in Indonesia’s brothel complexes, or lokalisasi, which are found throughout the country. These brothels are managed under local government regulations. During or after raids by the police, the prostitutes can pay and be released from custody; thus, sex worker advocate Anna Sulikah opined that police raids are "nothing more than an income source for public order officers".
The Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI) estimates that 30 percent of the prostitutes in Indonesia are below 18 years of age.[19] The ILO puts the total number of child prostitutes in Jakarta at 5,000; according to the Jakarta city government, this is concentrated in Prumpung (North Jakarta), Grogol (West Jakarta) Tanah Abang (Central Jakarta), Block M (South Jakarta), as well as Jatinegara and Ciracas (both East Jakarta). Child sex tourism occurs, especially on the resort islands of Bali and Batam.
History
One of the earliest reports of prostitution in ancient Indonesia is from a Chinese source. The Tang dynasty Ch'iu-T'ang shu and Hsin T'ang shu historical records, which originated circa 640 CE, reported that there were a number of "poisonous women" in the country of Ho-ling in Java. Those who had sex with these harlots would suffer festering wounds and die afterwards. This was the earliest record of prostitution and its connection with sexually transmitted disease in ancient Java.
Little is known about precolonial Indonesia's prostitution, although the purchase of sex slaves and "quasi-contractual" sexual relations are thought to have occurred. Following the spread of Islam in Indonesia, prostitution is believed to have increased due to Islam's disapproval of contractual weddings. Javanese kings kept large stables of concubines, while Balinese widows without familial support could be forced into prostitution by their king.
Serat Centhini, an early 19th-century Javanese manuscript, refers to the prostitution business in Central Java and Yogyakarta. The manuscript describes various sexual positions and techniques mastered by prostitutes in Java to satisfy their clients. Serat Centhini also says there was once a thriving brothel near the royal tomb of Imogiri.
During the early Dutch colonial period, European men wishing to find sexual gratification began hiring native prostitutes or concubines; this was accepted by financially motivated local women as well as some families, who volunteered their daughters. Because interracial marriage was discouraged or outright forbidden, this arrangement was accepted by Dutch leaders.
Widespread prostitution began in the early 1800s, when the number of concubines kept by the Royal Netherlands East Indies soldiers and government officials declined; native men leaving their wives to look for work in other areas also contributed to its rise. In 1852, the colonial government began requiring regular health checks of prostitutes to check for syphilis and other venereal diseases; prostitutes also had to carry identification cards. These did not curb the growth of prostitution, which increased dramatically during a period of extensive construction in the late 1800s.
Another later replaced the 1852 law, more stringent, public morality law in 1913, which criminalized "purposely bring[ing] about the fornication of others with a third party and make this his profession", or pimping; no mention was made of prostitutes. Enforcement of these laws proved more nearly impossible, and for some time, investigation of brothels required a permit from the governor.
During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, existing prostitutes were selected to serve the Japanese army in special brothels. Other women and girls, both native and Dutch, were forced to become "comfort women". After World War II, the migration of women from remote villages to cities, coupled with a high divorce rate, caused another increase in prostitution.
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