Sex tourism
See also Red-light district
Sex tourism is travel (by men or women) to engage in sexual activity with prostitutes and is typically undertaken internationally by tourists from wealthier countries whose payment for services may be rendered either in cash or in kind.
The World Tourism Organization (WTO), a specialized agency of the United Nations, defines sex tourism as "trips organized from within the tourism sector, or from outside this sector but using its structures and networks, with the primary purpose of effecting a commercial sexual relationship by the tourist with residents at the destination." [1] The U.N. opposes sex tourism, citing health, social and cultural consequences for both tourist home countries and destination countries, especially in situations exploiting gender, age, social and economic inequalities in sex tourism destinations.
Attractions for sex tourists can include reduced costs for services in the destination country and (in order of increasing potential criminality):
- prostitution, either legal or subject to indifferent law enforcement,
- lower age of consent or legal indifference to this consideration,
- access to child prostitution where legal prohibitions are weak or unenforced.
Destinations
National destinations for sex tourists include: Thailand, Brasil BR2, Dominican Republic, DR2 Costa Rica CR2, Cuba, Germany, Mexico, Argentina, The Netherlands and Cambodia.
Since the collapse of the Iron Curtain, Russia, Hungary, Ukraine, Poland and the Czech Republic have also become popular destinations for sex tourists. In many of those destinations, sex tourism is still only a small percentage of overall prostitution, with most prostitutes serving local men.
An individual city or region can have a particular reputation as a sex tourist destination. Many of these coincide with major red-light districts, and include Amsterdam in the Netherlands, Bangkok, Pattaya and Phuket in Thailand.
In the United States, prostitution is mainly illegal, except for rural areas of the state of Nevada; these have become sex tourist destinations for some Americans. To a lesser extent, several other large cities in the U.S. are also domestic sex tourist destinations despite legal sanctions on prostitution.
Conversely, prostitution is a legal activity in a growing list of other nations worldwide, including many of these destinations.
Female Sex Tourism Destinations
The primary destinations for female sex tourism are Southern Europe (mainly Italy, former Yugoslavia, Turkey, Greece, and Spain), the Caribbean (led by Jamaica, Barbados, and the Dominican Republic), the Gambia and Kenya in Africa, the Philippines led by Angeles and Pattaya or Phuket in Thailand. Lesser destinations include Nepal, Morocco, Fiji, Ecuador, and Costa Rica. Female sex tourism differs from male sex tourism in that women do not usually go to specific bars. Women usually give clothes, meals, cash, and gifts to their prostitutes, but not all (especially in Southern Europe) expect compensation.
Criminality and controversy
Tourism involving sex with minors
While most sex tourists only engage in this activity with other adults, some actively look for child prostitutes, while others are not very selective either way regarding age, according to a study of the Dominican Republic. A tourist who has sex with a child prostitute offends the spirit of the International Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution, and child pornography, and, in addition to breaking the law in that host country, might well also be doing so in the country the tourist is a national of. A growing number of countries are enacting laws with extra-territorial reach to meet their obligations under the covenants above and consequently punishing citizens who engage in sex with minors whilst overseas. But being difficult to police and enforce these crimes continue nonetheless.
The term "child" is often used as defined by the international conventions above and refers to any person below the age of consent. Many countries have signed the "Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999" and implemented domestic law making having sex with child prostitutes a criminal offense for their nationals or inhabitants, including when practiced abroad, regardless of whether the destination country's laws forbid it. Singapore has been criticized for having no such law, in spite of being adjacent to the sex tourism destination of Batam in Indonesia, which has many underage sex workers, many of whom have been forced into prostitution.
In 2004 Canada started prosecuting individuals under the sex tourism law. The first individual charged in Canada under this law was Donald Bakker. Australia has long done so. Its Government has, for example, caused an international political incident in pressing for the extradition of suspended Solomon Islands Attorney-General Julian Moti to face possible charges over alleged offenses that date back to 1997.
According to Cambodia's minister for Woman's Affairs, not tourists are the prime culprits of pedophilia in her country, but the locals.
Legal issues in the United States
Federal law prohibits United States citizens or permanent residents from engaging in international travel with the purpose or effect of having commercial sex with a person under the age of 18 or any sex with a person under the age of 16; facilitating such travel is also illegal. Arrests by Immigration and Customs Enforcement are becoming common. However, prosecutions under this law are still very rare.
As of 2005, there has been one effort to prosecute a sex tour operator: Big Apple Oriental Tours of New York was prosecuted for "promotion of prostitution" by the New York State Attorney General after lobbying by feminist human rights groups. However, the case has been thrown out twice. HR 972, the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2005, reauthorizes the 2000 law, but it also gives U.S. law enforcement better tools to study human trafficking within the United States and to prosecute those who purchase sex acts. The measure authorizes $50 million for grants to state and local law enforcement to investigate and prosecute persons who engage in the purchase of commercial sex acts.
- More information is available at [ Wikipedia:Sex_tourism ]
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