Ejaculation

Ejaculation

Ejaculation is the ejecting of semen from the penis, and is usually accompanied by orgasm. It is usually the result of sexual stimulation, which may include prostate stimulation. Rarely is it due to prostatic disease. Ejaculation may occur spontaneously during sleep (a nocturnal emission). Anejaculation is the condition of being unable to ejaculate.

About

The process of ejaculation is an intense sensation, part of orgasm (French "la petite mort" meaning "the little death"), which can be immensely pleasurable and satisfying. Each spurt is associated with a wave of sexual pleasure, especially in the penis and loins. The first and second convulsions are usually the most intense in sensation and produce the greatest quantity of semen. Thereafter, each contraction is associated with a diminishing volume of semen and a milder wave of pleasure. During sexual intercourse or masturbation, most males will find it difficult to resist the psychological temptation to continue the stimulation of the penis to the point of ejaculation once the feeling of orgasm becomes imminent.

Ejaculation has two phases: emission and ejaculation proper. The emission phase of the ejaculatory reflex is under the control of the sympathetic nervous system, while the ejaculatory stage is under the supervision of a spinal reflex at the level of the spinal nerves S2-4 via the pudendal nerve. During emission, the two ducts known as vas deferens contract to propel sperm from the epididymis where it is stored up to the ampullae at the top end of the vas deferens. The beginning of emission is typically experienced as a "point of no return," also known as the point of ejaculatory inevitability. The sperm then passes through the ejaculatory ducts and is mixed with fluids from the seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral glands to form the semen or ejaculate. During ejaculation proper, the semen is ejected through the urethra with rhythmic contractions.

These rhythmic contractions are part of the male orgasm. The typical male orgasm lasts about 17 seconds but can vary from a few seconds up to about a minute. After the start of orgasm, pulses of semen begin to flow from the urethra, reach a peak discharge and then diminish in flow. The typical orgasm consists of 10 to 15 contractions. The rate of contractions gradually slows during the orgasm. Initial contractions occur at an average interval of 0.6 seconds with an increasing increment of 0.1 seconds per contraction. Contractions of most men proceed at regular rhythmic intervals for the duration of the orgasm. Many men also experience additional irregular contractions after the orgasm. [1]

Semen begins to spurt from the penis during the first or second contraction of the orgasm. For most men, the first spurt occurs during the second contraction. A small study of seven men found the initial spurt occurring on the first contraction for two men and occurring on the second contraction for five men. This same study showed between 26 and 60 percent of the contractions during orgasm were accompanied by a spurt of semen.

The force and amount of ejaculate vary widely from male to male. A normal ejaculation may contain anywhere from 1.5 to 5 milliliters. [2] Ejaculate volume is affected by the amount of time that has passed since the previous ejaculation. Larger ejaculate volumes are seen with greater durations of abstinence. However, a recent Australian study has suggested a positive correlation between prostate cancer and infrequent ejaculation and/or prostate milking, which performs essentially the same function. [3] Also, the duration of the stimulation leading up to the ejaculation can affect the volume. Abnormally low volume is known as hypospermia, though it is normal for the amount of ejaculate to diminish with age.

The number of sperm in an ejaculation also varies widely, depending on many factors, including the recentness of last ejaculation, the average warmth of the testicles, the degree and length of time of sexual excitement prior to ejaculation, the age, testosterone level, the nutrition and especially hydration and the total volume of seminal fluid. An unusually low sperm count, not the same as low semen volume, is known as oligospermia, and the absence of any sperm from the ejaculate is termed azoospermia.

Most men experience a lag time between the ability to ejaculate consecutively, and this lag time varies among men. Age also affects the recovery time; younger men typically recover faster than older men. During this refractory period it is difficult or impossible to attain an erection because the sympathetic nervous system counteracts the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system.

There are wide variations in how long sexual intercourse can last before ejaculation occurs.

When a man ejaculates before he wants to it is called premature ejaculation. If a man is unable to ejaculate in a timely manner after prolonged sexual stimulation, in spite of his desire to do so, it is called delayed ejaculation or anorgasmia. An orgasm that is not accompanied by ejaculation is known as a dry orgasm.

Central nervous system control

To map the neuronal activation of the brain during the ejaculatory response, researchers have studied the expression of c-fos, a proto-oncogene expressed in neurons in response to stimulation by hormones and neurotransmitters Expression of c-fos in the following areas have been observed: ,

• medial preoptic area (MPOA)
• lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
• paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN)
• ventromedial hypothalamus, medial amygdala
• ventral premammillary nuclei
• ventral tegmentum
• central tegmental field
• mesencephalic central gray
• peripeduncular nuclei
• parvocellular subparafascicular nucleus (SPF) within the posterior thalamus

Fertilization

Normally, ejaculation is required for emission of sperm, which can fertilize a woman's egg and impregnate her. However, almost all men produce a small amount of pre-ejaculate fluid when their penis is erect and they are sexually stimulated, and this pre-ejaculate may contain some sperm which can also lead to pregnancy. For this reason, coitus interruptus may still lead to unwanted pregnancies for couples engaging in vaginal intercourse if other forms of birth control are not used as well.

Ejaculation facts

• Average energy in a tablespoon of semen: 2-7 kilocalories, 8-29 kilojoules
• Average number of sperm cells in the ejaculate of a healthy man: 40 million to 600 million (avg. 250 million)
• Distance sperm travels to fertilize an egg: 7.5-10 centimeters or 3-4 inches
• Sperm lifespan: 2.5 months from development to ejaculation
• Sperm lifespan after ejaculation: 30 seconds to 6 days depending on conditions

References

Medical Physiology: A Cellular and Molecular Approach ( Publisher: Elsevier/Saunders, 2005 - < ISBN:1416023283 Buy it from Amazon.com >

McGraw-Hill Human Sexuality Image Bank illustrations

• Male genitals during the sexual response cycle (1)
• Male genitals during the sexual response cycle (2)
• Male and female genitals during intercourse
• Retrograde ejaculation

See also Christmas Tree stain for Forensic detection of sperm cells

Ejaculation topics

Aspermia • Azoospermia • Coitus interruptus • Coitus reservatus • Delayed ejaculation • Erection • Female ejaculation • Premature ejaculation • Retrograde ejaculation Aspermia—lack of semen; anejaculation Asthenozoospermia—sperm motility below lower reference limit Azoospermia—absence of sperm in the ejaculate Hyperspermia—semen volume above upper reference limit Hypospermia—semen volume below lower reference limit Oligozoospermia—total sperm count below lower reference limit Necrozoospermia—absence of living sperm in the ejaculate Teratozoospermia—fraction of normally-formed sperm below lower reference limit Another cause of aspermia is ejaculatory duct obstruction, which may result in a complete lack or a very low-concentration of semen (oligospermia), in which the semen contains only the secretion of accessory prostate glands downstream to the orifice of the ejaculatory ducts.

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