Vietnam
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Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about 331,000 square kilometers (128,000 sq mi) and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country. One of Southeast Asia's two Marxist–Leninist states, Vietnam shares land borders with China to the north and Laos and Cambodia to the west. It shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia through the South China Sea. Its capital is Hanoi, and its largest city is Ho Chi Minh City (commonly known as Saigon).
Vietnam was inhabited by the Paleolithic age, with states established in the first millennium BC on the Red River Delta in modern-day northern Vietnam. The Han dynasty annexed Northern and Central Vietnam under Chinese rule from 111 BC until the first dynasty emerged in 939. Successive monarchical dynasties absorbed Chinese influences through Confucianism and Buddhism and expanded southward to the Mekong Delta, conquering Champa. During most of the 17th and 18th centuries, Vietnam was effectively divided into two domains, Đàng Trong and Đàng Ngoài. The Nguyễn—the last imperial dynasty—surrendered to France in 1883. In 1887, its territory was integrated into French Indochina as three separate regions. In the immediate aftermath of World War II, the nationalist coalition Viet Minh, led by the communist revolutionary Ho Chi Minh, launched the August Revolution and declared Vietnam's independence from the Empire of Japan in 1945.
Vietnam went through prolonged warfare in the 20th century. After World War II, France returned to reclaim colonial power in the First Indochina War, from which Vietnam emerged victorious in 1954. As a result of the treaties signed between the Viet Minh and France, Vietnam was also separated into two parts. The Vietnam War began shortly after, between the communist North Vietnam, supported by the Soviet Union and China, and the anti-communist South Vietnam, supported by the United States. Upon the North Vietnamese victory in 1975, Vietnam reunified as a unitary socialist state under the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) in 1976. An ineffective planned economy, a trade embargo by the West, and wars with Cambodia and China crippled the country further. In 1986, the CPV initiated economic and political reforms similar to the Chinese economic reform, transforming the country into a socialist-oriented market economy. The reforms facilitated Vietnamese reintegration into the global economy and politics.
Vietnam is a developing country with a lower-middle-income economy. It has high levels of corruption, censorship, environmental issues, and a poor human rights record; the country ranks among the lowest in international measurements of civil liberties, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and ethnic minorities. Vietnam is part of international and intergovernmental institutions, including the ASEAN, the APEC, the CPTPP, the Non-Aligned Movement, the OIF, and the WTO. It has assumed a seat on the United Nations Security Council twice.
Spanking and Spanking Art in Vietnam
Judicial corporal punishment
Old photographs like this and this, both at World Corporal Punishment Research, suggest that judicial corporal punishment was ordered by the local courts during the French colonial period. The offender was laid flat on the ground, his limbs pinned down by others, and was beaten on the buttocks. This practice was similar to that used in ancient China. It has now ceased, even though it is unclear whether the government banned it or not.
School corporal punishment
Formal school corporal punishment, however, still exists in Vietnam today, and is applied to both schoolboys and schoolgirls. Even though the French colonized Vietnam, these punishments appear to resemble British-style canings, as a thin rattan cane is used, or in other cases, a type of paddle or long ruler. The student either adopts a standing position or lies flat on a desk or bench, and receives the strokes on his or her bottom over clothing. The beating is sometimes given on the hand (hand spanking). These punishments do not seem to be as harsh as those in other countries like Singapore and South Korea, and at times, may appear to be more comical than serious.
Prostitution in Vietnam
- Prostitution in Vietnam ↗ on Wikipedia
External links
- More information is available at [ Wikipedia:Vietnam ]
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