Breast implants: Difference between revisions

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#REDIRECT [[Breast implant]]
A '''breast implant''' is a prosthesis used to enlarge the size of a woman's  breasts (known as '''breast augmentation''', '''breast enlargement''', '''mammoplasty enlargement''', '''augmentation mammoplasty''' or the common slang term '''boob job''') for cosmetic reasons; to reconstruct the breast (e.g. after a mastectomy; or to correct genetic deformities), or as an aspect of male-to-female sex reassignment surgery.  According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, breast augmentation is the most commonly performed cosmetic surgical procedure in the United States.  In 2006, 329,000 breast augmentation procedures were performed in the U.S.
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There are two primary types of breast implants: saline-filled and silicone-gel-filled implants.  ''Saline implants'' have a silicone elastomer shell filled with sterile saline liquid.  ''Silicone gel implants'' have a silicone shell filled with a viscous silicone gel.  There have been several alternative types of breast implants developed, such as polypropylene string or soy oil, but these are uncommon.
 
== History ==
 
Implants have been used since 1895 to augment the size or shape of women's breasts.  The earliest known implant was attempted by Vincenz Czerny, using a woman's own adipose tissue (from a lipoma, a benign growth, on her back). Gersuny tried paraffin injections in 1889, with disastrous results.  Subsequently, in the early to mid-1900s, a number of other substances were tried, including ivory, glass balls, ground rubber, ox cartilage, Terylene wool, gutta-percha, Dicora, polyethylene chips, polyvinyl alcohol-formaldehyde polymer sponge (Ivalon), Ivalon in a polyethylene sac, polyether foam sponge (Etheron), polyethylene tape (Polystan) or strips wound into a ball, [[polyester]] (polyurethane foam sponge) Silastic rubber, and teflon-silicone prostheses. In recent history, various creams and medicaments have been used in attempts to increase bust size, and Berson in 1945 and Maliniac in 1950 performed a flap-based augmentation by rotating the patient's chest wall tissue into the breast to add volume.  Various synthetics were used throughout the 1950s and 1960s, including silicone injections, which an estimated 50,000 women received.
 
Development of silicone granulomas and hardening of the breasts were in some cases so severe that women needed to have mastectomies for treatment.  Women sometimes seek medical treatment for complications up to 30 years after receiving this type of injection.
 
== Indications ==
 
Breast implants are used for:
 
* primary augmentation (to increase breast size for cosmetic reasons)
* revision-augmentation (revision surgery to correct or improve the result of an original breast augmentation surgery)
 
* primary reconstruction (to replace breast tissue that has been removed due to cancer or trauma or that has failed to develop properly due to a severe breast abnormality)
 
* revision-reconstruction (revision surgery to correct or improve the result of an original breast reconstruction surgery)
 
== Patient characteristics ==
 
Patients seeking breast augmentation have been reported as being usually younger, healthier, from higher socio-economic status, and more often married with children than the population at large. Many of these patients have reported greater distress about their appearance in a variety of situations, and have endured teasing about their appearance.  Studies have identified a pattern (shared by many cosmetic surgery procedures) that suggest women who undergo breast implantation are slightly more likely to have undergone psychotherapy, have low levels of self-esteem, and have higher prevalences of depression, suicide attempts, and mental illness (including body dysmorphia as compared to the general population.
 
Post-operative surveys on mental health and quality of life issues have reported improvement on a number of dimensions including: physical health, physical appearance, social life, self confidence, self esteem, and sexual function. Longer term follow-up suggests these improvements may be transitory, with the exception of body esteem related to sexual attractiveness.  Most patients report being satisfied long-term with their implants even when they have required re-operation for complications or aesthetic reasons.
 
== Procedure ==
 
The surgical procedure for breast augmentation takes approximately one to two hours. Variations in the procedure include the incision type, implant material, and implant pocket placement.
 
=== Incision types ===
 
Breast implants for augmentation may be placed via various types of incisions:
* '''Inframammary''' - an incision is placed below the breast in the infra-mammary fold (IMF).  This incision is the most common approach and affords maximum access for precise dissection and placement of an implant.  It is often the preferred technique for silicone gel implants due to the longer incisions required.  This method can leave slightly more visible [[scar]]s in smaller breasts which don't drape over the IMF.  In addition, the [[scar]] may heal thicker.
* '''Periareolar''' - an incision is placed along the areolar border.  This incision provides an optimal approach when adjustments to the IMF position or mastopexy (breast lift) procedures are planned.  The incision is generally placed around the inferior half, or the medial half of the areola's circumference.  Silicone gel implants can be difficult to place via this incision due to the length of incision required (~ 5cm) for access.  As the scars from this method occur on the edge of the areola, they are often less visible than scars from inframammary incisions in women with lighter areolar pigment.  There is a higher incidence of capsular contracture with this technique.
* '''Transaxillary''' - an incision is placed in the armpit and the dissection tunnels medially.  This approach allows implants to be placed with no visible scars on the breast and is more likely to consistently achieve symmetry of the inferior implant position.  Revisions of transaxillary-placed implants may require inframammary or periareolar incisions (but not always).  Transaxillary procedures can be performed with or without an endoscope.
* '''Transumbilical (TUBA)''' - a less common technique where an incision is placed in the navel and dissection tunnels superiorly.  This approach enables implants to be placed with no visible scars on the breast, but makes appropriate dissection and implant placement more difficult.  Transumbilical  procedures may be performed bluntly or with an endoscope (tiny lighted camera) to assist dissection.  This technique is not appropriate for placing silicone gel implants due to potential damage of the implant shell during blunt insertion.
* '''Transabdominoplasty (TABA)''' procedure similar to TUBA, where the implants are tunneled up from the abdomen into bluntly dissected pockets while a patient is simultaneously undergoing an abdominoplasty procedure.
 
=== Types of implants ===
==== Saline implants ====
 
Saline-filled breast implants were first manufactured in France in 1964, introduced by Arion with the goal of being surgically placed via smaller incisions.  Current devices are  manufactured with thicker, room temperature vulcanized (RTV) shells.  These shells are made of silicone elastomer and the implants are filled with salt water after the implant is placed in the body.  Since the implants are empty when they are surgically inserted, the scar is smaller than is necessary for silicone gel breast implants (which are filled with silicone before the surgery is performed).  A single manufacturer (Poly Implant Prosthesis, France) produced a model of pre-filled saline implants which has been reported to have high failure rates in vivo.
 
Saline-filled implants are the most common implant used in the United States due to restrictions on silicone implants, but are rarely used in other countries.  Good to excellent results may be obtained, but as compared to silicone gel implants, saline implants are more likely to cause cosmetic problems such as rippling, wrinkling, and be noticeable to the eye or the touch.  Particularly for women with very little breast tissue, or for post-mastectomy reconstruction, plastic surgeons believe that silicone gel implants are the superior device.  In patients with more breast tissue, however, saline implants can look very similar to silicone gel.
 
==== Silicone gel implants ====
 
Thomas Cronin and Frank Gerow, two Houston, Texas plastic surgeons, developed the first silicone breast prosthesis with the Dow Corning Corporation in 1961.  The first woman was implanted in 1962.  Silicone implants are generally described in terms of five generations which segregate common characteristics of manufacturing techniques.
 
* '''First generation'''
 
The Cronin-Gerow implants were made of a silicone rubber envelope (or sac), filled with a thick, viscous silicone gel with a Dacron patch on the posterior shell. They were firm and had an anatomic "teardrop" shape.
 
* '''Second generation'''
 
In response to surgeons' requests for softer and more lifelike implants, breast implants were redesigned in the 1970s with thinner gel and thinner shells.  These implants had a greater tendency to rupture and leak, or "bleed" silicone through the implant shell, and complications such as capsular contracture were quite common.  It was predominantly implants of this generation that were involved in the class action-lawsuits against Dow-Corning and other manufacturers in the early 1990s.
 
Another development in the 1970s was a '''''polyurethane foam coating''''' on the implant shell which was effective in diminishing capsular contracture by causing an inflammatory reaction that discouraged formation of fibrous tissue around the capsule.  These implants were later briefly discontinued due to concern of potential carcinogenic breakdown products from the polyurethane. A review of the risk for cancer from TDA by the FDA later concluded that the risk was so small so as not to justify recommending explantation of the devices from individual patients.  Polyurethane implants are still used in Europe and South America, but no manufacturer has sought FDA approval for sale in the United States.
 
Second-generation implants also included various '''"double lumen" designs'''.  These implants were essentially a silicone implant inside a saline implant.  The double lumen was an attempt to provide the cosmetic benefits of gel in the inside lumen, while the outside lumen contained saline and its volume could be adjusted after placement.  The failure rate of these implants is higher than for single lumen implants due to their more complex design.  The contemporary versions of these devices ("Becker Implants") are used primarily for breast reconstruction.
 
* '''Third & Fourth generation'''
 
Third & fourth generation implants, from the mid 1980s, represented sequential advances in manufacturing principles with elastomer-coated shells to decrease gel bleed, and are filled with thicker, more cohesive gel.  These implants are sold under restricted conditions in the U.S. and [[Canada]], and are widely used in other countries.  The increased cohesion of the gel filler reduces potential leakage of the gel compared to earlier devices.  A variety of both round and tapered anatomic shapes are available.  Anatomic shaped implants are uniformly textured to reduce rotation, while round devices are available in smooth or textured surfaces.
 
* '''Fifth generation'''
 
Evaluation of "gummy bear" or solid, high-cohesive, form-stable implants is in preliminary stages in the United States but these implants have been used since the mid 1990s in other countries. The semi-solid gel in these type of implants significantly reduces the possibility of silicone migration.  Studies of these devices have shown significant potential improvements in safety and efficacy over the older implants with low rates of capsular contracture and rupture.
 
=== Implant pocket placement ===
 
The placement of implants is described in relation to the pectoralis major muscle.
 
* '''Subglandular'''- implant between the breast tissue and the pectoralis muscle.  This position closely resembles the plane of normal breast tissue and is felt by many to achieve the most aesthetic results.  The subglandular position in patients with thin soft-tissue coverage is most likely to show ripples or wrinkles of the underlying implant.  Capsular contracture rates are also slightly higher with this approach.
 
* '''Subfascial''' - the implant is placed in the subglandular position, but underneath the fascia of the pectoralis muscle.  The benefits of this technique are debated but proponents believe the thin vascularized fascia may help with coverage and sustaining positioning of the implant.
 
* '''Subpectoral''' ("dual plane") - the implant is placed underneath the pectoralis major muscle after releasing the inferior muscular attachments.  As a result, the implant is partially beneath the pectoralis in the upper pole, while the lower half of the implant is in the subglandular plane.  This is the most common technique in North America and achieves maximal upper implant coverage while allowing expansion of the lower pole.  Capsular contracture rates have been lower after widespread adoption of this technique.
 
* '''Submuscular''' - the implant is placed below the pectoralis without release of the inferior origin of the muscle.  Total muscular coverage may be achieved by releasing the lateral chest wall muscles (seratus and/or pectoralis minor) and sewn to the pectoralis major.  This technique is most commonly used for maximal coverage of implants used in breast reconstruction.
 
== Recovery ==
 
Depending on the level of activity required, patients are generally able to return to work or school in approximately one week's time.  Scars from a breast augmentation surgery will last six weeks or longer and usually begin to fade several months after surgery.
 
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