Botswana: Difference between revisions
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'''Botswana''', officially the '''Republic of Botswana''', is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. It is topographically flat, with approximately 70 percent of its territory part of the Kalahari Desert. South Africa borders it to the south and southeast, Namibia to the west and north, Zambia to the north, and Zimbabwe to the northeast. With a population of slightly over 2.4 million people and a comparable land area to France, Botswana is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. It is the Tswana people's nation-state, constituting nearly 80 percent of the population. | '''Botswana''', officially the '''Republic of Botswana''', is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. It is topographically flat, with approximately 70 percent of its territory part of the Kalahari Desert. South Africa borders it to the south and southeast, Namibia to the west and north, Zambia to the north, and Zimbabwe to the northeast. With a population of slightly over 2.4 million people and a comparable land area to France, Botswana is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. It is the Tswana people's nation-state, constituting nearly 80 percent of the population. | ||
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The economy is dominated by mining and tourism. Botswana has a per capita GDP (purchasing power parity) of about $20,158 as of 2024. Botswana is the world's biggest diamond-producing country. Its relatively high gross national income per capita (by some estimates, the fourth-largest in Africa) gives the government a relatively high standard of living and the second-highest Human Development Index of continental Sub-Saharan Africa (after South Africa). Botswana is a member of the Southern African Customs Union, the Southern African Development Community, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the United Nations. | The economy is dominated by mining and tourism. Botswana has a per capita GDP (purchasing power parity) of about $20,158 as of 2024. Botswana is the world's biggest diamond-producing country. Its relatively high gross national income per capita (by some estimates, the fourth-largest in Africa) gives the government a relatively high standard of living and the second-highest Human Development Index of continental Sub-Saharan Africa (after South Africa). Botswana is a member of the Southern African Customs Union, the Southern African Development Community, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the United Nations. | ||
== Spanking and Spanking Art in {{PAGENAMEE}} == | == Spanking and Spanking Art in {{PAGENAMEE}} == | ||
{{scp}} | |||
Judicial corporal punishment (in the form of caning) is common in Botswana. The Kgotlas (tribal courts in villages) may order males aged 14-40 to be caned on the bare buttocks for almost any offense, generally, instead of imprisonment. It is illegal to cane women and men above the age of 40. The type of cane to be used is specified in the regulations. Protection is placed over the kidneys. A medical officer must also be present to certify that the offender is fit for punishment and to monitor his condition throughout the punishment. The punishment appears to be inflicted on the spot immediately after the sentence is delivered and is administered in private (inside a prison or the court). For offenders below the age of 18, they may be caned in the presence of their parents. | Judicial corporal punishment (in the form of caning) is common in Botswana. The Kgotlas (tribal courts in villages) may order males aged 14-40 to be caned on the bare buttocks for almost any offense, generally, instead of imprisonment. It is illegal to cane women and men above the age of 40. The type of cane to be used is specified in the regulations. Protection is placed over the kidneys. A medical officer must also be present to certify that the offender is fit for punishment and to monitor his condition throughout the punishment. The punishment appears to be inflicted on the spot immediately after the sentence is delivered and is administered in private (inside a prison or the court). For offenders below the age of 18, they may be caned in the presence of their parents. | ||
School corporal punishment (also in the form of caning) is also practiced in Botswana and applies to both boys and girls. The implement used is a light cane below one meter in length, which is to be applied to the palm or buttocks. The maximum number of strokes is five at the secondary level and three at the primary level. In primary schools, the student may be caned on the back of the legs instead. Male teachers (other than head teachers) are not allowed to cane girls. | School corporal punishment (also in the form of caning) is also practiced in Botswana and applies to both boys and girls. The implement used is a light cane below one meter in length, which is to be applied to the palm or buttocks. The maximum number of strokes is five at the secondary level and three at the primary level. In primary schools, the student may be caned on the back of the legs instead. Male teachers (other than head teachers) are not allowed to cane girls. | ||
== | == [[JCP]] in {{PAGENAMEE}} == | ||
Judicial caning is routine, especially at the customary (tribal) court in each village, known as the "Kgotla," a sort of open-air town meeting. Official courts may order males aged 14-40 to be caned across the bare buttocks for almost any crime, often as an alternative to imprisonment. Earlier reports that tribal courts may also cane women appear to be incorrect, and when in 2007 a woman was flogged it was said to be illegal. Reports make clear that the punishment is generally inflicted on the spot immediately after the court rises. | Judicial caning is routine, especially at the customary (tribal) court in each village, known as the "Kgotla," a sort of open-air town meeting. Official courts may order males aged 14-40 to be caned across the bare buttocks for almost any crime, often as an alternative to imprisonment. Earlier reports that tribal courts may also cane women appear to be incorrect, and when in 2007 a woman was flogged it was said to be illegal. Reports make clear that the punishment is generally inflicted on the spot immediately after the court rises. | ||
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A March 2013 news report of a caning case (five strokes) at a local court included a picture of the 26-year-old recipient's wealed buttocks. | A March 2013 news report of a caning case (five strokes) at a local court included a picture of the 26-year-old recipient's wealed buttocks. | ||
A trickle of reports of canings by local courts has continued over the years, for instance, in 2010, 2012, 2013, and 2019. Most of the cases reported involve beneficiaries in their late teens and twenties. However, the vast majority of [[JCP]] cases in Botswana do not make the newspapers. | |||
=== Book: ''Culture and Customs of Botswana'' === | === Book: ''Culture and Customs of Botswana'' === | ||
Latest revision as of 20:39, 3 November 2024
| Republic of Botswana |
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(and Botswana's largest city) |
Source information is available at [ Sources ] |
Botswana, officially the Republic of Botswana, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. It is topographically flat, with approximately 70 percent of its territory part of the Kalahari Desert. South Africa borders it to the south and southeast, Namibia to the west and north, Zambia to the north, and Zimbabwe to the northeast. With a population of slightly over 2.4 million people and a comparable land area to France, Botswana is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. It is the Tswana people's nation-state, constituting nearly 80 percent of the population.
The Tswana ethnic group is descended mainly from Bantu-speaking peoples who migrated into southern Africa, including modern Botswana, in several waves before AD 600. In 1885, the British colonized the area and declared a protectorate named Bechuanaland. As part of the Decolonisation of Africa, Bechuanaland became an independent Commonwealth republic under its current name on 30 September 1966. Since then, it has been a parliamentary republic with a consistent record of uninterrupted democratic elections, although the Botswana Democratic Party has been the only ruling party from independence until 2024. As of 2024, Botswana is the third-least corrupt country in Africa, according to the Corruption Perceptions Index published by Transparency International.
The economy is dominated by mining and tourism. Botswana has a per capita GDP (purchasing power parity) of about $20,158 as of 2024. Botswana is the world's biggest diamond-producing country. Its relatively high gross national income per capita (by some estimates, the fourth-largest in Africa) gives the government a relatively high standard of living and the second-highest Human Development Index of continental Sub-Saharan Africa (after South Africa). Botswana is a member of the Southern African Customs Union, the Southern African Development Community, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the United Nations.
Spanking and Spanking Art in Botswana
In the 20th century, school corporal punishment fell out of fashion and was gradually banned in many countries, a trend that continues until the present day.
As of May 2008, Botswana permits corporal punishment in schools.
Judicial corporal punishment (in the form of caning) is common in Botswana. The Kgotlas (tribal courts in villages) may order males aged 14-40 to be caned on the bare buttocks for almost any offense, generally, instead of imprisonment. It is illegal to cane women and men above the age of 40. The type of cane to be used is specified in the regulations. Protection is placed over the kidneys. A medical officer must also be present to certify that the offender is fit for punishment and to monitor his condition throughout the punishment. The punishment appears to be inflicted on the spot immediately after the sentence is delivered and is administered in private (inside a prison or the court). For offenders below the age of 18, they may be caned in the presence of their parents.
School corporal punishment (also in the form of caning) is also practiced in Botswana and applies to both boys and girls. The implement used is a light cane below one meter in length, which is to be applied to the palm or buttocks. The maximum number of strokes is five at the secondary level and three at the primary level. In primary schools, the student may be caned on the back of the legs instead. Male teachers (other than head teachers) are not allowed to cane girls.
JCP in Botswana
Judicial caning is routine, especially at the customary (tribal) court in each village, known as the "Kgotla," a sort of open-air town meeting. Official courts may order males aged 14-40 to be caned across the bare buttocks for almost any crime, often as an alternative to imprisonment. Earlier reports that tribal courts may also cane women appear to be incorrect, and when in 2007 a woman was flogged it was said to be illegal. Reports make clear that the punishment is generally inflicted on the spot immediately after the court rises.
In a July 2005 caning case, the punishment was photographed and administered in public; after that, the authorities ordered the procedure to be private. However, this July 2006 news item implies that journalists may witness it.
This May 2006 news item reports from one village court where there are at least 50 cases of theft per week, always punished by "three to five lashes on the bare buttocks." See also this Aug 2007 account of the procedure at a customary court.
In November 2006, complaints were reported that at one customary court, the canings were being administered by a prisoner rather than an official.
Tribal chiefs have, from time to time, for instance, in January 2009, complained that caning on the buttocks is too lenient and called for the restoration of what allegedly was the traditional method of whipping on the upper back. When one considers how extremely non-lenient is (for example) caning on the buttocks in Singapore, this claim seems entirely mysterious.
In January 2010, the Attorney-General clarified that the punishment must only be delivered to the buttocks, with a cane of a type laid down in the regulations. Females and males over 40 may not be caned. Protection should be placed over the kidneys, and a medical officer is supposed to certify the recipient fit for punishment. A medical officer or magistrate is to be present during the infliction, which is to take place privately in prison or in a recognized customary court, except for offenders under 18, who may be caned in some other place in the presence of a parent.
Administering canings at local courts used to be the job of the Local Police, a force now disbanded. Instead, it was reported in Feb 2010 that 322 assistant court bailiffs were being recruited to carry out this task, among others. It was clarified (in 2011) that even female court bailiffs can be required to cane convicted men.
A May 2012 news item reported that caning sentences were being handed down as a substitute for imprisonment because the jails were full.
A March 2013 news report of a caning case (five strokes) at a local court included a picture of the 26-year-old recipient's wealed buttocks.
A trickle of reports of canings by local courts has continued over the years, for instance, in 2010, 2012, 2013, and 2019. Most of the cases reported involve beneficiaries in their late teens and twenties. However, the vast majority of JCP cases in Botswana do not make the newspapers.
Book: Culture and Customs of Botswana
This book (Greenwood Press, 2006) gives p.178 some socio-cultural context. "After the caning, the guilty party is often mainstreamed back into society. With overcrowding in prisons, such corporal punishment has come to be more accepted as an alternative to imprisonment for minor crimes. In the view of many Batswana, the cane is preferred because it is cheap, involves no lawyers, and affects the guilty party directly. In addition, avoiding prison is seen as a way to prevent petty thieves from becoming more hardened criminals through association with tougher gangsters in prison.
( We have no further information from Corpun.com as of Oct, 2024 )
Prostitution in Botswana
- Prostitution in Botswana ↗ on Wikipedia
External links
- More information is available at [ Wikipedia:Botswana ]
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